C/C++

C

• Introduction to C
• History
• Working Environment
• Structure of a C program



• Basic Syntax and Data Types
• Variables, Constants, and Data Types
• Operators and Expressions



• Control Structures
• Conditional Statements (if, else, switch)
• Looping Statements (for, while, do-while)



• Functions
• Function Definition and Declaration
• Parameters and Return Values
• Function Prototypes



• Arrays and Strings
• Array Declaration and Initialisation
• Manipulating Arrays
• String Handling and Manipulation



• Pointers
• Basics of Pointers and Memory Management
• Pointer Arithmetic
• Pointers and Arrays



• Structures and Unions
• Creating Structures and Unions
• Nesting Structures
• Accessing Structure Members



• File Handling
• Input and Output Operations
• File Handling Functions (fopen, fclose, fread, fwrite)
• Reading and Writing Files



• Dynamic Memory Allocation
• malloc, calloc, realloc, and free functions
• Dynamic Memory Management



• Preprocessor Directives
• Macros and their usage
• Conditional Compilation



• Advanced Concepts
• Enumerations
• Bitwise Operations
• Recursion



• Debugging and Troubleshooting
• Identifying and Fixing Common Errors
• Debugging Techniques using Tools like GDB

C++

• Introduction to C++
• History and Significance of C++
• Structure of a C++ program



• Basic Syntax and Data Types
• Variables, Constants, and Data Types
• Operators and Expressions
• Math and Booleans



• Control Structures
• Conditional Statements (if, else, switch)
• Looping Statements (for, while, do-while)



• Functions and Scope
• Function Definition and Declaration
• Parameters, return values, and function overloading
• Scope and visibility of Variables



• Arrays and Strings
• Array Declaration, Initialisation, and Manipulation
• String Handling and Manipulation in C++



• Pointers and References
• Pointers Basics and Memory Management
• Pointer Arithmetic and Dynamic Memory Allocation
• References and their usage



• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
• Classes and Objects
• Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism
• Constructors, Destructors, and Operator Overloading



• STL (Standard Template Library)
• Containers (vectors, lists, maps, etc.)
• Algorithms (sorting, searching, manipulating data)
• Iterators and their usage



• File Handling in C++
• Input/Output operations
• File Stream Classes (ifstream, ofstream, fstream)



• Exception Handling
• Handling Exceptions and Error Conditions
• Try-catch blocks and exception specifications



• Templates and Generic Programming
• Template Classes and Functions
• Generic Programming Concepts



• Advanced Topics
• Lambda Expressions
• Multithreading and Concurrency in C++
• Smart Pointers and Memory Management Techniques



• Debugging and Optimisation
• Debugging Techniques
• Code Optimisation Strategies



• Best Practices and Design Patterns
• Writing efficient and maintainable code
• Common Design Patterns in C++

C++ Databases

• Introduction to Database Connectivity
• Basics of connecting C++ applications to databases



• SQL (Structured Query Language)
• Understanding SQL basics for data manipulation and querying
• Creating, querying, updating, and deleting data using SQL commands



• Database Libraries and APIs
• Introduction to database libraries like ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) or specific DBMS (Database Management System) libraries in C++



• Database Operations in C++
• Executing SQL queries from C++ programs
• Handling database transactions and error handling



• ORM (Object-Relational Mapping)
• Understanding ORM frameworks for mapping database objects to C++ objects
• Usage of ORM libraries to simplify database operations in C++



• Database Connectivity Tools
• Learning tools and techniques to establish connections to various databases (MySQL, SQLite, PostgreSQL, etc.) from C++ applications



• Data Handling and Retrieval
• Fetching and processing data from databases in C++
• Working with result sets, handling data types, and managing retrieved data



• Database Security
• Basics of database security principles and practices within C++ applications
• Implementing secure database interactions from C++ code

C++ Internet

• Networking Basics
• Fundamentals of networking protocols (TCP/IP, UDP, HTTP, etc.)
• Socket programming in C++ for network communication



• HTTP Requests and Responses
• Making HTTP requests from C++ applications
• Parsing and handling HTTP responses



• Client-Server Communication
• Developing client-server applications in C++
• Building communication protocols between clients and servers



• Web APIs and RESTful Services
• Consuming web APIs and RESTful services using C++
• Handling JSON or XML data retrieved from web services



• Web Scraping
• Extracting data from websites using C++
• Techniques for parsing HTML and extracting specific information



• Asynchronous Programming
• Asynchronous I/O operations for handling multiple network requests concurrently
• Using asynchronous libraries or frameworks for efficient networking



• Websockets and Real-time Communication
• Implementing websockets for real-time bidirectional communication
• Creating chat applications or real-time data streaming in C++



• Security in Networked Applications
• Basics of secure communication protocols (HTTPS, SSL/TLS)
• Implementing encryption and secure communication practices in C++ networking



• Handling Errors and Timeouts
• Implementing error handling and timeout mechanisms in network communication
• Dealing with network interruptions and handling retries



• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Using C++ for IoT applications and device communication
• Integrating embedded systems with internet connectivity

C++ Graphics & Multimedia

• Graphics Libraries
• Introduction to graphics libraries for C++ (e.g., OpenGL, DirectX)
• Understanding the basics of 2D and 3D graphics rendering



• GUI Frameworks
• Using GUI frameworks such as Qt, GTK, or wxWidgets in C++ applications
• Designing user interfaces and application windows



• Widgets and Controls
• Implementing various GUI elements (buttons, text boxes, checkboxes, etc.) using libraries or frameworks
• Handling user interactions with GUI controls



• Event Handling
• Responding to user input events (clicks, key presses, mouse movements) in GUI applications
• Writing event-driven code for interactive interfaces



• Drawing and Painting
• Implementing custom drawing and painting functionalities in GUI applications
• Drawing shapes, lines, and custom graphics on GUI components



• Layout Management
• Managing layout and positioning of GUI components within windows or panels
• Using layout managers for responsive UI design



• Animation and Multimedia
• Incorporating animations and multimedia elements (audio, video) into GUI applications
• Handling multimedia playback and synchronisation



• Graphical Effects and Transitions
• Implementing graphical effects (transitions, fades, animations) for enhanced user experience
• Using libraries or techniques to create visual effects in GUI applications



• Cross-Platform GUI Development
• Developing GUI applications that run on multiple platforms (Windows, macOS, Linux)
• Utilising cross-platform GUI frameworks for compatibility



• Game Development with C++
• Introduction to game development using C++
• Basics of game engines or libraries for creating interactive games

C++ Device Driver Development

• Understanding Device Drivers
• Basics of device drivers and their role in operating systems
• Types of device drivers (character drivers, block drivers, network drivers, etc.)



• Operating System Internals
• Understanding operating system architecture relevant to driver development
• Kernel-space and user-space differentiation



• Device Driver Models
• Reviewing driver models (Windows Driver Model - WDM, Linux Device Model)
• Kernel-level and user-level driver interactions



• Driver Development Environment Setup
• Setting up development environments and tools for driver development
• SDKs (Software Development Kits) and frameworks specific to driver development



• Driver APIs and Interfaces
• Interfacing with operating system APIs for driver communication
• Device-specific APIs and protocols for interaction



• Driver Installation and Loading
• Installation and loading processes for drivers in different operating systems
• Handling driver installation, initialisation, and setup



• Driver Debugging and Testing
• Debugging techniques for driver code (kernel debugging tools, logs, etc.)
• Testing drivers in simulated environments and real hardware



• Interrupt Handling and Synchronisation
• Working with interrupts and interrupt service routines (ISRs)
• Synchronisation mechanisms for concurrency and thread safety



• Kernel Module Development
• Developing kernel modules in C/C++ for specific functionalities
• Dynamic loading and unloading of kernel modules



• Hardware Interaction and I/O Operations
• Direct hardware access and I/O operations in driver code
• Device communication and data transfer



• Security and Stability
• Ensuring security and stability in driver code
• Addressing vulnerabilities and stability issues

C++ Embedded Systems

• Introduction to Embedded Systems
• Understanding embedded systems and their applications
• Characteristics and constraints of embedded systems



• Microcontrollers and Microprocessors
• Overview of microcontrollers (MCUs) and microprocessors (MPUs)
• Selection and comparison of different MCU/MPU architectures



• Embedded C/C++ Programming Basics
• Basics of embedded C/C++ programming
• Low-level programming concepts for embedded systems



• Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
• Developing HAL for interfacing with hardware peripherals
• Writing drivers for sensors, actuators, and other peripherals



• Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)
• Introduction to RTOS for embedded systems
• Task scheduling, synchronisation, and communication in RTOS environments



• Interrupt Handling and Low-Level I/O
• Working with interrupts and handling interrupt service routines (ISRs)
• Low-level I/O operations and hardware interaction



• Memory Management and Optimisation
• Memory management techniques in embedded systems
• Code optimisation for size and performance constraints



• Embedded System Design Patterns
• Design patterns and best practices for embedded systems development
• Reusable design strategies for embedded applications



• Development Tools and Environments
• Embedded development toolchains, IDEs, and debuggers
• Simulators and emulators for testing embedded systems



• Interfacing with Sensors and Actuators
• Techniques for interfacing sensors (like temperature sensors, accelerometers, etc.) and actuators (motors, relays, etc.)
• Protocols for communication (I2C, SPI, UART) in embedded systems



• Power Management and Energy Efficiency
• Power-aware programming and energy-saving techniques in embedded systems
• Techniques for optimising power consumption